TYPES OF DIRECTORIES

TYPES OF DIRECTORIES 

There are all kinds of directories available online, some that cater to specific
websites and other that cater to just about any website under the sun. Depending
on the service or product you provide and also on theaudience you want to
target, you can choose a particular or a few directories into which to submit your
site. The choices are plenty. The most popular types  of online directories are
listed as under:

General Directories: 

General directories are those web directories that accept all kinds of sites. They
have a wide variety of categories and sub categories under which websites can
be listed. Common categories that can be found in these directories include art,
business, computers, finance, Internet, health, home, shopping, sports and travel
among many others. The categories are listed in alphabetical order.

Niche Directories: 

Niche directories as the name suggests are topic-specific directories that are
created for the purpose of listing only those websites that cater to the main theme
or topic of that directory. For example, a shopping directory would list only
those websites that offer products or are eCommerce websites.
It is always a good idea to have your site submitted to a niche directory if it is in
keeping with the theme of your site, as you could receive extremely relevant
backlinks, thus adding to the value assigned to your site by the search engines.
Screenshot example of a niche directory - a shopping directory:

Regional Directories: 

Regional directories are those directories that combine some of the features of
general directories with some other features of nichedirectories. Since regional
directories are area-specific, pertaining only to a particular geographic location,
they could be considered to be ‘niche directories’  while at the same time, since
they accept different kinds of websites and comprise  a wide range of categories,
they could also be considered ‘general directories’.
Regional directories allow only those sites to be listed that deal with products or
services pertaining to a particular area or region. Hence, if your business or
website caters to a particular geographical area, it would  be wise to have the
same listed in a regional directory for that area. This would not only provide
relevant backlinks to your website, but it will also allow you to get directly in
touch with your target audience.
Below is a screenshot of a regional directory – a directory of Singapore listings:

Blog Directories: 

One of the newer types of web directories available online is the  blogdirectory
which lists blogs instead of websites. They could begeneral, niche or regional in
nature depending on the types of blogs listed under them.
The growing popularity of blogs and blogging in recent years lead to the creation
of blog directories that mainly act as a resource for bloggers.
Screenshot example of a blog directory:

Bid or Bidding Directories: 

Bid or bidding directories are those directories which require website owners to
place bids in order to get sites listed in these directories. The bids usually start
from as low as $1 with which one can expect to get listed in these directories.
However, in order to be listed on top of a particular category in a directory, you
would have to make the highest bid.
Often, high expenses are incurred on getting a website to be listed on top of a
particular category in a bidding directory. These directories aren’t very popular
for the same reason. However, they do continue to be used by some who believe
that the exposure gained as a result of submissions tosuch directories is well
worth the money spent.
Screenshot example of a bidding directory:

Article Directories: 

Article directories are unique type of web directories that list articles rather than
websites. These directories normally include a wide  range of general topics
under which articles can be submitted. Any article may  be reproduced on
another website, free of cost. However it must be ensured that the bio box or
resource box details including the name of the author,his company and his
website, are also mentioned wherever the article is reproduced.
The main aim of article directories is to provide relevant and free content to
webmasters rather than providing links. Article directories can be of two types:
general article directories or niche article directories.
Screenshot example of an article directory:

Podcast Directories: 

The great advances made in the field of technology are reflected in the many
newer types of directories that are just beginning tomake their presence felt over
the internet. The latest type of web directory that is fast catching on is the
Podcast directory: a type of directory that lists multimedia files rather than
websites. These audio and video files can be downloaded from these Podcast
directories directly onto iPods, personal computers and other mobile devices.

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How To Find Your Directory Links ?

There are two methods you can follow to find your links. Both these methods
involve searching for your links using the search engines.
If you want to see whether you're site appears in a particular directory, you
could use the following command in the Google or Yahoo search box:
+"abc.com"<space>site:xyz.com
where abc.com is your domain name and xyz.com is the directory’s domain
name.
If you want to get a general idea as to how many links you may have received
from various directories, you could enter this command into Google’s search
box:
+"abc.com"<space>+directory -site:www.abc.com
With this command you are conducting a search for all the web pages where the
word 'directory' and your website URL (abc.com) appear together, excluding the
pages from your own site, i.e.,  www.abc.com. The results will not give you an
exact figure but just a rough estimate, as Google may have not indexed all the
directories’ pages as yet.
Note: since directory links take a while to appear and then be indexed by search
engines, it would be futile to conduct such a search  unless sufficient time has
elapsed after the submissions were made.
OUTSOURCING DIRECTORY SUBMISSIONS

By now you must have a clear understanding of what directory submissions are
and how directory links can greatly improve your searchengine ranking
position, besides putting you in direct contact withthe audience you target. You
also know, the long and arduous process that needs to be endured to have your
site submitted to directories. There are several directory submission services that
exist to lighten this burden for you.
One such submission service is that of Directory Maximizer. With a compiled list
of over 800 quality SEO-friendly directories, and with constant additions made to
that list, you can have manual directory submissions madefor your site on a
regular basis.
Apart from this, there are several other benefits youcan derive:
•  You can enter up to 5 different titles and descriptions with which to have
your site submitted. This would help as the links that you get from the
submissions you make will vary from one another eliminating the
possibility of their looking like duplicate links.
•  If you have made submissions previously, you can uploadthe list of
directories to which the submissions were made and Directory Maximizer
would avoid submitting your site to these directories.
•  You never again have to worry about maintaining a record  of the
directories to which your site has been submitted. This service maintains a
track of all submissions to ensure that duplicate submissions are never
made.
•  You can keep track of each of your submissions live! You will also receive
a comprehensive submission report after your order hasbeen completed.
•  You get great value-for-money with this service that costs just 14 cents per
directory submission.

RECOMMENDED DIRECTORY SUBMISSIONS 

Yahoo! Directory: 

Yahoo Directory is the oldest directory in the world. Today’s hugely popular
internet portal had its humble beginnings in this directory, established in 1994.
Yahoo directory continues to exist even today and is now one of the most
powerful directories available online.
There are two ways by which you can submit your site to the Yahoo directory.
You could either choose the free option or the paid  submission option. The free
listing options are reserved for non-commercial sitesand do not come with any
guarantees. However, the paid listing, which costs US$ 299 annually, comes with
a guarantee that the site will be reviewed within 7 days.
Provided you have a quality business site and have followed the directory’s
stated guidelines, there should be no reason why yoursite would not be listed. If
your site does get listed it will also be featured inthe ‘What’s New’ category of
the directory that should drive plenty of traffic to the website.
Hence, submitting to the Yahoo directory is definitely recommended.

Best of the Web Directory: 

This directory like Yahoo Directory was also established as early as 1994 and has
since maintained one of the strictest editorial reviewpolicies, accepting only
content-rich, high quality sites. This commitment toquality has made it one of
the most highly regarded directories on the web. A link from Best of the Web
directory would immensely benefit a site, substantially increasing its search
engine rankings.
Best of the web directoryis a paid directory currently offering two listing
options: one for an annual review of the website whichcosts US$ 99.95 per year
and one for a one-time review which costs US$ 249.95.

DMOZ: 

Also known as the open directory project, DMOZ is probably the most well
known free directory online. Like Yahoo and Best of the Web, DMOZ is also
known for its very high standards when it comes to website listings in the
directory. It is best to submit your site to DMOZ on your own.
Save time in having your website manually submitted to a hand-picked list of quality web directories.
Considerable effort needs to be spent on making the right submission, according
to the guidelines mentioned. You only get one chanceto have your site listed in
DMOZ, hence it must be ensured that the submission is made properly.
DMOZ offers several category choices so that you can submit your site under the
most relevant category. Sites submitted to unrelated categories would in all
probability be rejected.
The time taken for your site to be reviewed depends  entirely on the volume of
pending reviews. A DMOZ editor will then review your site to see whether it is
suitable for inclusion in the directory. Note: If you have already submitted your
site once, you should not try submitting it again, as  this would result in an
exclusion of the site.
There are several advantages of being listed in the Open Directory project, as the
website will also appear on DMOZ’s partner sites like Yahoo Search, Google,
Netscape search and AOL Search, all of which make use ofDMOZ’s resources.
Hence, if you have a website it should definitely be  a priority to have it
submitted to the Open Directory Project. 

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WHAT HAPPENS AFTER A SITE HAS BEEN SUBMITTED?

Email notifications: 

One out of three directories send out emails as soonas a site has been submitted
confirming that a submission has been made, stating the category into which the
site was submitted and the details that were entered. A few directories also send
out email confirmation requests. These emails will contain a link that must be
clicked on, as confirmation that you have indeed made the submission to the
directory.
It is not necessary for you to open each and every email that you receive after
submitting your site to directories. However, it isimportant that you follow up
on all confirmation requests. Judging by the subject lines of the emails that you
receive, you can decide whether you need to open an email or not. The subject
lines of emails that require confirmation would read ‘Confirmation Required’,
‘Confirmation Request’, ‘Confirm your Listing’, ‘EmailVerification’ or something
along these lines. You only need to open these emailsin order to complete your
directory submission.

Keep a record of your submissions: 

It is very important to keep a file of all the directories to which submissions have
been made in order to avoid submitting to the same directories in the future. All
directories anyway maintain a permanent record of the URLs that have been
added to their database thus preventing resubmissions. However if some sites do
manage to get submitted to the same directory again, it  would not be of any
purpose. It is best to avoid this by maintaining a record of all the submissions
made so far.

Link approvals: 

The time taken for directory links to start arriving  will vary depending upon
each directory as well as the listing option you have chosen. Most paid listing
options promise to provide links within a specified period of time.
However, if you have selected the free listing option or have submitted your site
to a free directory, the directory links may take anywhere between a week to
three months to arrive. This is because each site that  has been submitted has to
go through a thorough editorial review before being  approved. Also, free
directories usually do not guarantee links and provide  links only to those sites
that follow all the guidelines and have relevant and unique content.
Some directories send out emails informing you about  your site’s approval. This
email normally contains the following information: the  name that was entered
during submission, the date of  submission, the password used during
submissions (if any) and the category in which the link is placed. This email is
definite proof that your site has been accepted into a directory.

Results of your submissions: 

After you receive links from the directory it couldstill take more time for search
engines to find and index these new links. Hence, you should not expect to see a
dramatic increase in your rankings immediately after receiving a few directory
links. Remember that this entire process is a gradual one.
It’s important to keep submitting to new directories.  Link buildingis a
continuous process which when stopped, would resultin a decline in rankings
and consequently, a decline in website  visitorsas well. Although directory
submissions are not the only means by which to build relevant links, they are the
most convenient and effective method. Hence, this process should be continued
and the results you see over time will speak for themselves.

LINK PLACEMENT 

As mentioned already, most quality directories have a manual screening process
to determine whether the sites that have been submitted actually match their
criteria for approval. If the sites are approved, the directory will place the site’s
link under the most relevant category (in all probability the category you have
picked to have your site submitted under).
Finding a site’s link after it has been accepted into a  directory can be quite a
difficult task. No one can know for certain where a site’s link will be placed in a
directory since each directory has its own set of factors to consider. There are a
few factors that have been observed to influence the placement position of a
listing. They are:
• Hits
• PageRank
• Alphabetical order
• Date and Time of Approval in the Directory
In many cases, one factor alone does not determine linkplacement. For example,
if several sites approved by the directory under thesame category have the same
PageRank, there would most certainly have to be another criterion used to order
them. For this reason, they could perhaps first be sorted on the basis of PR, then
alphabetically, and then according to the number of hits, or the date and time at
which they were approved, if need be.
There could also be several other as-yet unknown factors that influence link
placement.

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HOW TO MAKE DIRECTORY SUBMISSIONS YOURSELF?

Making directory submissions on your own would require a huge amount of
time and dedication. There are several steps that need to be followed in order to
submit a site to a directory. Each of these steps is explained in detail:
Compile a List of Directories:
To begin with, you would first need to compile a list of directories to which you
would like to submit your site. There are thousands of web directories available
online and you would have to make a reasonably large listof directories to
which you would like to submit your site. You couldconduct general searches
on Google or Yahoo or browse through sites like
http://www.directorycritic.comto compile your list of directories.
Check for SEO-Friendly Factors:
From the list of directories you have compiled, you  would then have to narrow
down on the ones that are search engine friendly. By this we mean a directory
that will return links that are counted and valued by the search engines.
There would be no purpose in getting a directory link to your site if the links
weren’t search engine friendly or ‘SEO-Friendly’. Ifthe links you get don’t matter
to the search engines, they won’t matter to your website either! There are several
things you should do to ensure that your links are SEO friendly:
Ensure that there are no META nofollow or noindex tags on thelink pages:
To do this, you would have to view the page source ofone of the link pages in
the directory. The page source can be viewed simply by right clicking your
mouse. You would see an option that reads ‘View Source’ or ‘View Page Source’.
Click on the option to view the source code of the entire page. Within that page,
look closely for the following code:
<meta name=”robots” content=”noindex,nofollow”>
If you do find this code mentioned on the page, don’t bother submitting your site
to that particular directory, as the search engines would not count the links it
gives out. When ‘noindex’ is written in the code, itbasically tells the search
engines not to index the page, while ‘nofollow’ tells the search engines not to
follow or count the links on the page.
Save time in having your website manually submitted to a hand-picked list of quality web directories.
Therefore, even if only one of these parameters existin the  META tagsof a link
page, avoid submitting to that directory.
Ensure that the links do not have a ‘rel=nofollow’ tag onthem:
You should also make sure that the links on a page do not appear in the
following format as this also commands the search engines not to follow links:
<a href=”http://www.domain.com” rel=”nofollow”>Domain</a>

The directories that give out such links would be worthless to submit to, hence it
is important that you first view the source code of each directory to ensure that
the links you may receive from them will be valued andcounted by the search
engines.
Ensure that the links are not JavaScriptgenerated links:
When the source code is viewed, the links should appear only in the standard <a
href=”></a> format. If any other coded format is used,  you can be certain that
the links are not SEO friendly links and would hence,be ignored by the search
engines.
Save time in having your website manually submitted to a hand-picked list of quality web directories.

Some directories give out links that  redirectto a page other than the home page.
These links are not valuable as they are not direct links to the site.
URL of the link pages should not contain too many parameters:
You have to ensure that the  URLof the link page does not have too many
parameters. An example of such a URL is:
http://www.webdirectory.com/link.php?u=23&as=2323434324&as=23423asfsfa
s&pw=32433.
Although this factor alone may not make a directory non-SEO friendly, it is
believed that search engines either don’t index or don’t place too much value on
those pages that have too many parameters in the URL.
Only if a directory passes all these criteria, will it be considered an SEO-friendly
directory. Before getting down to the actual task of making submissions, you
would first have to compile a list of several such SEO-friendly directories to
which it would be worthwhile to submit your site. This would involve the
laborious task of having to go through several hundredsof directories
independently to see if they match the criteria for SEO-friendliness. This is where
a submission service, like Directory Maximizer, comes in handy since they do all
these checks for you before starting with your submissions.
Choose the Right Category:
Probably the most important aspect of making a directory submission is
choosing the right category under which to submit your site. Some directories
offer a wide range of category and sub-category choices  and it is important to
first browse through all the options and choose as specific a category or sub
category as you can find that will be most suitable to list your website.
Remember that directory links would not be of any useif they come from
irrelevant categories that are not related to the theme  and content of your site.
Hence choice of category is very important. If you donot find a category that is
suitable for your website, some directories also offer the option of suggesting a
category. If the directory editor approves your suggestion, a new category would
be created.
To make this process simpler, let us take you step-by-step through the actual
submission process. The website we will be submitting as an example, is a site:
http://www.statisticalforecasting.com.
Save time in having your website manually submitted to a hand-picked list of quality web directories.

We would like to ideally submit this site under the main category of Reference
and the sub-category of Statistics. For this we would  first have to go to the main
page of a directory and browse through the category choices for the ‘Reference’
category.
Below is a screenshot showing the homepage of a directory with the cursor on ‘Reference’:

When you click on the main category, you will be takento that category page
where you will have to then choose your sub category.The sub category chosen
for this example is ‘Statistics’.
A screenshot of this is shown below:

Submit Website Details:
After you have made the proper choice of category, your next step would be to
submit your site. To do so, you would first need tolook for the option in the
directory that says ‘Add Listing’, ‘Add URL’, ‘SubmitSite’, Submit Link’,
‘Suggest Site’, ‘Suggest URL’ or ‘Suggest Listing’.These are the common terms
that can be found on the homepageand category pages of a directory. The option
to add or submit a site is usually found right at the top or right at the bottom of
the page.
In this particular directory, the option is found at the top as shown in the following
screenshot:

When you click on this ‘Add Site’ link, you will be  taken directly to the
submission form page.
Read and Follow Directory Guidelines:
When you arrive at the form page, the first thing you need to do is read
the submission guidelines carefully.
An example of this is represented in the screenshot below:

The guidelines of a directory are basically rules and regulations that need
to be adhered to while submitting a site to. Some directories are very strict
when it comes to accepting sites to be listed in them and if you ignore the
guidelines mentioned for each directory, you could well be wasting your
time, as the directory editor would instantly reject your site when it comes
up for approval.

Choose Your Directory Listing Option: 

There are all kinds of directories available online - some are free to submit 

to, while others come with a listing fee. All directories have various 

pricing features and listing options mentioned, offering at least a few, if 

not all of the following: 

Paid Listings: 

Some directories require payments to be made in order  for websites to be 

listed. These directories are also commonly referred  to as ‘Paid 

Directories’. The amount that needs to be paid for eachlisting varies from 

one directory to another. 

While some directories charge a one-time fee for a site to be listed, others 

require payments to be made annually, monthly or after determined 

periods of time. 

Most paid directories offer various payment packages, the most expensive 

package offering the most benefits to the website in terms of quick review, 

guaranteed back links, featured listings, advertisements and attractive 

placements. 

The paid listings or ‘Featured Links’ will be given a  special place on the 

website above other listings, often highlighted in a different colour, so that 

they attract more attention. 

Below is a screen shot of the listings displayed in a directory. As you can see, 

‘Featured Listings’ are given importance over and displayed above, the ‘Regular 

Listings’. 

Free Listings: 

Directories that offer free website listings are also  known as ‘Free 

Directories’. Free listings are often referred to as  ‘Regular Links’ or 

‘Regular Listings’. No payment whatsoever is required in order to get a 

site listed in these directories. However, each sitethat is added free of cost 

will most likely have to undergo a review process. This could take 

anywhere from a few weeks to a few months, and link approvals from 

these directories are usually not guaranteed. 

These listings when approved appear within the category under which it 

has been submitted. It is often difficult to find a specific listing in a free 

directory, as that would involve manually going throughseveral pages, 

looking through several thousands of undifferentiatedlinks. 

Reciprocal Listings: 

Some directories require a link exchange with the sites that are to be listed 

in them. Only when these directories find a link pointing to them in a 

website, will they give a link back to that website. This process of 

exchanging links is known as  reciprocal linkingand directories that 

demand reciprocal links for a listing are also known as  reciprocal 

directories. 

All web directories would offer at least a few of these listing options, if not 

all. Some directories offer a combination of these listing options, such as a 

free listing with reciprocal links or a paid listing with reciprocal links. 

Fill up the Submit Form: 

A submit form is the form into which basic website details need to be 

entered. These will be the details with which your site gets submitted into 

a directory. 

Below is a screen shot of a typical directory submissionform: 

Pricing: 

Starting with the pricing you would first have to select the listing you 

prefer for your submissions. Mark your preference inthe space provided 

at the side of each listing. 

For example if you choose the regular link, you wouldhave to indicate 

your choice by clicking on the circle provided on the left of the option. 

Screenshot:

Title: 

Titles entered for a site should be short but meaningful phrases that in a 

few words, capture the essence of the site. Limit the title to 4-6 words 

comprising not more than 45 characters. 

Tips 

•  Each title entered should not consist of more than 45 characters 

•  Titles should not be all upper case 

•  Avoid over-stuffing and repetition of keywords

•  Avoid the use of exclamations (!) or superlatives like‘best’, 

‘cheapest’ or ‘greatest’ 

•  The titles entered should sound objective and not too promotional. 

Do not use offensive or vulgar words. 

•  Some directories may insist on just an ‘Official Title’, i.e., the either 

the company name or the website name. In such cases, besure not 

to enter any keywords in the titles. For example, if  to submit a site: 

http://www.statisticalforecasting.com, we could use either of the 

following titles: 

o  StatisticalForecasting.com – the domain name of the website 

o  Statistical Forecasting – the official website title 

Screenshot:

URL: 

The URL that needs to be entered while submitting a site should always 

be that of the site’s homepage and not of inner pages or folders. Most 

directories do not allow inner pages to be submitted;hence it is always 

better to stick to entering the homepage URL, unlessotherwise specified. 

Tips 

•  Do not submit parked domains, domains with no content,those 

that are still under construction or those that re-direct to another 

site 

•  Avoid submitting unregistered domains and those that are hosted 

on free hosting services 

•  Submit the URL in the correct format, i.e., with or  without the 

‘http://’, as may be specified 

•  Add a forward slash (/) at the end of the URL, if required by the 

directory 

Screenshot: 

Description: 

The descriptions entered for a site should, in a few meaningful sentences, 

state what the site is all about and what it has to offer.Descriptions 

entered for a site should preferably be limited to 200-250 characters unless 

otherwise specified. 

Tips 

•  Avoid including pricing or any other details that are  likely to 

change with time 

•  Do not mention contact details such as an address, email or a phone 

number 

•  Do not capitalize the first letter of every word of the description 

•  Avoid ending the descriptions with ‘etc’, ‘and so on’ or ‘and much 

more’ or even ‘…’ 

Save time in having your website manually submitted to a hand-picked list of quality web directories. 

Page 26 of 53 

•  Avoid using controversial words like ‘sex’, ‘sexy’ or ‘cialis’ or 

‘viagra’ as part of your descriptions 

Screenshot: 

Keywords: 

The keywords entered for a site are the words with which you expect your 

site to be searched. Targeting specific keywords withyour directory 

submissions could help you gain high search engine rankings for the 

same. This field may be altogether absent in some directories; however, 

most directories offer this as an optional field. 

Tips 

•  Do not repeat a single keyword more than once 

•  Pay heed to the format required – whether the keywords should be 

separated by a comma, a space, or both 

•  Make sure that the spellings entered are right

Name: 

Enter the name of the person associated with the website. Some directories 

display listings along with names. The name entered in  this field may 

therefore be displayed along with the website’s listing in a directory.

Email: 

Very few directories are particular about the kind of email address 

submitted, so this should not be a cause of worry. However, as a 

precaution you might want to enter the email address that is associated 

with the site domain, as some directories do not accept email addresses 

from free accounts like gmail, ymail, hotmail, and so on. 

Tip 

•  Refrain from entering your regular, business email address as you 

could expect to get a whole lot of emails from directories. Hence 

you could perhaps maintain a separate email account only for the 

purpose of directory submissions. 

Category: 

If you have already selected the category into which you want to submit 

your site, this field of the form will be filled with the category of your 

choice. If however, you come to the form page without choosing a 

category, you can do so simply by clicking on the drop down arrow, 

which will reveal all the categories and sub categoriesfrom which you 

could make your choice. 

Screenshot: 

Enter the Code and Submit the Form: 

Most directories do not allow  automated submissionsand thus include 

verification codes known as ‘captcha’ codes on to directory submission 

forms. These codes can only be entered manually. Several thousand 

submissions could be made at a single time if the process is automated. It 

would not be possible for human editors to review somany submissions. 

For this reason, visual codes are attached at the bottom of the form page. 

Tips 

•  Enter the code exactly as it is shown unless it is mentioned that the 

code is not case sensitive 

•  Wherever necessary you will have to accept the terms ofagreement 

by checking the space provided 

•  Submit the form after double checking all the details entered 

For the Reciprocal listing option: 

If you have selected the reciprocal listing option, you will have an 

additional field of the submission form to fill. 

Reciprocal URL: If you have chosen the ‘Regular Link with Reciprocal’ 

option you will first have to copy and paste the link given below the space 

provided for ‘Reciprocal URL’ on to a page on your website. Then you 

would have to copy the URL of that page where this link exists and paste 

it within the ‘Reciprocal URL’ box given in the form. 

If you have not chosen the reciprocal option, you DO  NOT need to fill in 

anything in the ‘Reciprocal URL’ box. 

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COMMON MYTHS ABOUT DIRECTORY SUBMISSIONS

Directories are no longer important today
If you have been concerned about the rumours doing the rounds over the last
several months regarding the declining importance of directories, here’s a post
from Google engineer Matt Cutts himself, conveying the message that as long as
links are from quality directories, they will still be valued by search engines.
Directories are the same as link farms
This is completely untrue. A  Link Farm  is a website that lists a collection of all
kinds of links in no particular order. Anyone can submit their site to be listed in
link farms, without having to undergo a process of review.
Web directories, on the other hand, are websites that list and classify websites by
categories and sub categories. In order to get a site listed in a web directory one
would have to submit the site to the directory along with a few details, including
titles, descriptions and keywords. Sites that are submitted to directories will have
to undergo an editorial review.
Links from quality directories are valued by the search  engines and could help
improve search engine rankings, since the links are manually reviewed and
categorized.
Search engines will ban my site if I get too many directory links too fast
No, this is not true. Even if you were to make hundreds of directory submissions
within a short span of time, it would still take a while before you start getting
your links. Links from free directories could be expected anywhere between 3-90
days after submissions. Besides, not all directories return links to websites.
Hence, the number of links you get and the pace at which you get them with
would be quite normal and would not alarm the search engines.
Having said that, you could also choose to play safe and submit slowly. There
are submission services, like the one offered by  Directory Maximizer, where you
have the option to choose the speed at which you have your submissions made.
Directory Links are only temporary
Most directories give out permanent links that will last as long as the directory
exists.
There is no use in submitting a site to a low PR directory
PR or PageRankis never constant. The directories that presently have a PR of 0, 1
or 2 may be new directories that have the potential to increase in PR over time.
When some of these directories gain a higher PageRank,  many of them tend to
become paid directories. Hence by refusing to submityour site to low PR
directories for free presently, could prevent you from having a valued listing in
what might well be a high PR, paid directory in future.
Save time in having your website manually submitted to a hand-picked list of quality web directories.
Page 11 of 53
Directory submissions do not help increase website traffic
You can make use of directory submissions to build targeted links to your site.
You can do so by targeting specific keywords for which you want to rank in the
titles that you submit for your site. Titles that aresubmitted become the anchor
text or the link text with which directories will link to your site.
Getting relevant links with targeted anchor text will  improve the search engine
rankings for the terms you have targeted. The higher you rank, the more
visibility you gain as a direct result of which you could expect an increase in the
volume of traffic to your site.
However, it is important to continue to build links through directories regularly.
A constant flow of relevant directory links with targeted anchor text will help
you achieve and maintain top rankings.
There’s no point submitting to directories that look similar to each other
Although several directories may seem similar in termsof layout structure and
the categories they contain, this does not in any way mean that the directories
will not be valued independently. There are many directory templates available
on the web. Several directories may use a single template. However this does not
mean that all these directories are the same. They may look alike and even
contain similar categories, but each directory would have its own separate
editorial staff that review and value the websites submitted, according to the
guidelines of that particular directory.
Hence, the links that a site may receive will vary fromone another, each coming
from a separate directory. As such each link will be counted and valued
independently by the search engines.

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THE IMPORTANCE AND BENEFITS OF DIRECTORY SUBMISSIONS

As mentioned right at the beginning, the success of a website is a direct outcome
of its online visibility. This task of making a site ‘visible’, not only to people, but
also to the search engines, involves lots of hard work and constant link building.
Links are greatly valued by search engines especially indetermining the ranking
position of a website. The more the number of quality,one-way links a website
has, the higher will be its rank on the search engines. Although there are several
other factors that influence search engine rankings, link building is considered to
be one of the most important of all. Getting a large number of one-way links
from relevant and quality websites however is no easy task.
One of the simplest ways to build links to your siteis by submitting your site to
good quality directories. This involves finding an appropriate category under
which to submit your site and then, entering a few essential website details such
as the URL, titles, descriptions and keywords associated with your website.
Almost every site that is submitted to a directory would have to go through a
manual review process wherein the directory’s editor checks the details entered,
and assesses whether the site has enough unique and relevant content to be
given a directory link. Any link received from such  directories, would naturally
be of a higher value since these directories make that  extra effort to ensure that
quality is not compromised.
When your site receives a link, it will be placed under the most appropriate
category in the directory, which makes it easier for the search engines to find and
judge the relevance of your site. The titles enteredfor submissions become the
‘anchor text’ or the ‘link text’ with which directories link toyour site. The
description that you enter will be displayed under the title.
The screen shot that follows is an example of how a listing in a directory would look:
The title submitted was ‘Steel Frame Buildings & Warehouses’ which has become the link
to the site. The brief description seen under the link would have been the description
entered while submitting the site.
Knowing that the titles you submit become the links to your site, you could enter
titles in such a way so as to target specific key termsor phrases for which you
want to rank. Search engines read and classify your website based on the anchor
text of the links, thus helping you achieve higher search rankings for the terms
you have targeted in your anchor text.
There are four main benefits of making directory submissions. They are:
Getting your website indexed/found by the search engines:
Search engines like Google and Yahoo send out  crawlersto search the web for
new sites that come up each day, by crawling through links from one site to
another. An ideal way to draw attention to these new sites would be to have
them submitted to web directories. When search engines send out their ‘spiders’
or ‘crawlers', they would find your links in these directories, thus making it
easier for them to ‘index’ or find your site.
Getting Permanent One-way Links; Higher Search Engine Rankings:
Links are a very important factor as far as rankings fora site are concerned. One-way inbound linksare more valued than links that are exchanged between sites.
Most directories send out permanent one-way links. The number of relevant
links pointing to your site plays a crucial role in increasing your site’s search
engine ranking. Hence if your site receives links from relevant category pages in
quality directories, this would to a certain extent boost your search engine
ranking position.
Targeting specific Keywords or Phrases:
Since directories use the titles that you submit as links to your site, you could use
this to your advantage by targeting specific keywords or key phrasesin the titles.
Save time in having your website manually submitted to a hand-picked list of quality web directories.
Page 8 of 53
Thus, every directory link you get will be with relevant text that would help
search engines classify the themeof your site and have it ranked higher for those
terms.
Directory Submissions can be made free of cost
Since most directories allow sites to be listed in them completely free of cost, it
would make business sense to have your site submittedto as many search engine
friendly directories as possible.
Given these benefits, building links through directories is an option that every
website owner should seriously consider.
Save time in having your website manually submitted to a hand-picked list of quality 

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INTRODUCTION TO DIRECTORIES AND DIRECTORY SUBMISSIONS

To start off, it is important to first understand the meaning of the word directory.
A directory is a list of people or services organizedeither alphabetically or
according to categories, or both. The telephone indexor yellow pages for
example, contain lists of people or businesses of a particular area, usually listed
alphabetically. Similarly on the internet, you could find several kinds of ‘web’ or
'online’ directories. These directories list websites according to relevant
categories and sub categories.
Not all websites on the internet are listed in web directories just as not all
businesses are listed in the yellow pages. Webmasters or website owners would
first have to submit their website details to a few web directories in order to be
listed in at least one, if not all of them. The process of submitting website details
in order to be listed in a directory is known as directory submission. 

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INTRODUCTION TO SEARCH ENGINE OPTIMIZATION

The main aim of every online business is to achieve good  visibility. Making an
impression in the vast expanse of the World Wide Web is  not an easy task to
accomplish. A great amount of time and effort must be invested in the attempt to
get a website to rank high in the  search enginerankings. The higher a website
ranks, the more popular it becomes as a direct result  of which, the volume of
traffic to the website is increased.
The process of optimizing a site for it to rank high on the search engines is
known as search engine optimizationor SEO. This is a long and winding process
and new aspects to SEO are constantly being uncovered.  The basic process of
SEO can however, be divided into two parts – on page optimization, or the
things that need to be done to optimize the internal structure of the website – and
off page optimization which refers to all the processesinvolved in optimizing the
external environment of the website.
An important element of off page optimization that will help in increasing a
website’s visibility is that of building links from quality online directories. This is
one of the oldest, most convenient ways of building links that has stood the test
of time. This eBook is intended to tell you all that you need to know about
directories, their importance and their relevance evenin today’s era of search
engine dominance.

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What is HTML DOM Objects?

Document Object
❑ Event Object
❑ Element Object
❑ Anchor Object
❑ Area Object
❑ Base Object
❑ Body Object
❑ Button Object (Push Button)
❑ Form Object
❑ Frame/IFrame Object
❑ Frameset Object
❑ Image Object
❑ Button Object
❑ Checkbox Object
❑ FileUpload Object
❑ Hidden Object
❑ Password Object
❑ Radio Object
❑ Reset Object
❑ Submit Object
❑ Text Object
❑ Link Object
❑ Meta Object
❑ Object Object
❑ Option Object
❑ Select Object
❑ Style Object
❑ Table Object
❑ TableCell Object
❑ TableRow Object
❑ Textarea Object
The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is an international community that
develops standards to ensure the long-term growth of the Web. The W3C DOM
page is located at http://www.w3.org/DOM/.
document Object
Each HTML document loaded into a browser window becomes a Document
object.
The Document object provides access to all HTML elements in a page, from within
a script.
document Object collections

anchors[] Returns an array of all the anchors in the document Yes
forms[] Returns an array of all the forms in the document Yes
images[] Returns an array of all the images in the document Yes
links[] Returns an array of all the links in the document Yes
The Document object is also part of the Window object and can be accessed
through the window.documentproperty.
Ti p
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216
document Object properties
property description W3c
cookie Returns all name/value pairs of cookies in the document Yes
documentMode
Returns the mode used by the browser to render the docu-ment
No
domain
Returns the domain name of the server that loaded the docu-ment
Yes
lastModified Returns the date and time the document was last modified No
readyState Returns the (loading) status of the document No
referrer
Returns the URL of the document that loaded the current
document
Yes
title Sets or returns the title of the document Yes
URL Returns the full URL of the document Yes
document Object Methods
Method description W3c
close()
Closes the output stream previously opened with
document.open()
Yes
getElementById() Accesses the first element with the specified id Yes
getElementsByName() Accesses all elements with a specified name Yes
getElementsByTagName() Accesses all elements with a specified tagname Yes
open()
Opens an output stream to collect the output from
document.write() or document.writeln()
Yes
write()
Writes HTML expressions or JavaScript code to a
document
Yes
writeln()
Same as write(), but adds a newline character after
each statement
Yes
event Object
The Event object gives you information about an event that has occurred.
The Event object represents the state of an event, such as the element in which the
event occurred, the state of the keyboard keys, the location of the mouse, and the
state of the mouse buttons.
Events are normally used in combination with functions, and the function will not
be executed before the event occurs!
event Handlers
New to HTML 4.0 was the ability to let HTML events trigger actions in the
browser, like starting a JavaScript when a user clicks on an HTML element. Follow-ing is a list of the attributes that can be inserted into HTML tags to define event
actions.

IE: Internet Explorer; F: Firefox; O: Opera; W3C: W3C Standard.
Attribute The event occurs when... ie F O W3c
onblur An element loses focus 3 1 9 Yes
onchange The content of a field changes 3 1 9 Yes
onclick Mouse clicks an object 3 1 9 Yes
ondblclick Mouse double-clicks an object 4 1 9 Yes
onerror
An error occurs when loading a document or an
image
4 1 9 Yes
onfocus An element gets focus 3 1 9 Yes
onkeydown A keyboard key is pressed 3 1 NoYes
onkeypress A keyboard key is pressed or held down 3 1 9 Yes
onkeyup A keyboard key is released 3 1 9 Yes
onload A page or an image is finished loading 3 1 9 Yes
onmousedown A mouse button is pressed 4 1 9 Yes
onmousemove The mouse is moved 3 1 9 Yes
onmouseout The mouse is moved off an element 4 1 9 Yes
onmouseover The mouse is moved over an element 3 1 9 Yes
onmouseup A mouse button is released 4 1 9 Yes
onresize A window or frame is resized 4 1 9 Yes
onselect Text is selected 3 1 9 Yes
onunload The user exits the page 3 1 9 Yes
Mouse / Keyboard Attributes
property description ie F O W3c
altKey
Returns whether the Alt key was pressed when an
event was triggered
6 1 9 Yes
button
Returns which mouse button was clicked when an
event was triggered
6 1 9 Yes
clientX
Returns the horizontal coordinate of the mouse
pointer when an event was triggered
6 1 9 Yes
clientY
Returns the vertical coordinate of the mouse
pointer when an event was triggered
6 1 9 Yes
ctrlKey
Returns whether the Ctrl key was pressed when an
event was triggered
6 1 9 Yes
metaKey
Returns whether the meta key was pressed when
an event was triggered
6 1 9 Yes
relatedTarget
Returns the element related to the element that
triggered the event
No 1 9 Yes
screenX
Returns the horizontal coordinate of the mouse
pointer when an event was triggered
6 1 9 Yes
screenY
Returns the vertical coordinate of the mouse
pointer when an event was triggered
6 1 9 Yes
shiftKey
Returns whether the Shift key was pressed when an
event was triggered
6 1 9 Yes
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Other event Attributes
property description ie F O W3c
bubbles
Returns a Boolean value that indicates whether an
event is a bubbling event
No 1 9 Yes
cancelable
Returns a Boolean value that indicates whether an
event can have its default action prevented
No 1 9 Yes
currentTarget
Returns the element whose event listeners trig-gered the event
No 1 9 Yes
eventPhase
Returns which phase of the event flow is currently
being evaluated
Yes
target Returns the element that triggered the event No 1 9 Yes
timeStamp
Returns the time stamp, in milliseconds, from the
epoch (system start or event trigger)
No 1 9 Yes
type Returns the name of the event 6 1 9 Yes
element Object
The collections, properties, methods, and events in the following tables can be used
on all HTML elements.
element Object collections
W3C: W3C Standard.
collection description W3c
attributes[] Returns an array of the attributes of an element Yes
childNodes[] Returns an array of child nodes for an element Yes
element Object properties
property description W3c
accessKey Sets or returns an accesskey for an element Yes
className Sets or returns the class attribute of an element Yes
clientHeight
Returns the viewable height of the content on a page (not
including borders, margins, or scrollbars)
Yes
clientWidth
Returns the viewable width of the content on a page (not
including borders, margins, or scrollbars)
Yes
dir Sets or returns the text direction of an element Yes
disabled Sets or returns the disabled attribute of an element Yes
firstChild Returns the first child of an element Yes
height Sets or returns the height attribute of an element Yes
id Sets or returns the id of an element Yes
innerHTML Sets or returns the HTML contents (+text) of an element Yes
lang Sets or returns the language code for an element Yes
Appendix B: HTML dOM Objects
219
property description W3c
lastChild Returns the last child of an element Yes
length Does not apply to all objects. See specific object type. Yes
nextSibling Returns the element immediately following an element Yes
nodeName Returns the tagname of an element (in uppercase) Yes
nodeType Returns the type of the element Yes
nodeValue Returns the value of the element Yes
offsetHeight
Returns the height of an element, including borders and pad-ding if any, but not margins
No
offsetLeft
Returns the horizontal offset position of the current element
relative to its offset container
Yes
offsetParent Returns the offset container of an element Yes
offsetTop
Returns the vertical offset position of the current element
relative to its offset container
Yes
offsetWidth
Returns the width of an element, including borders and pad-ding if any, but not margins
No
ownerDocument Returns the root element (document object) for an element Yes
parentNode Returns the parent node of an element Yes
previousSibling Returns the element immediately before an element Yes
scrollHeight
Returns the entire height of an element (including areas hid-den with scrollbars)
Yes
scrollLeft
Returns the distance between the actual left edge of an ele-ment and its left edge currently in view
Yes
scrollTop
Returns the distance between the actual top edge of an ele-ment and its top edge currently in view
Yes
scrollWidth
Returns the entire width of an element (including areas hid-den with scrollbars)
Yes
style Sets or returns the style attribute of an element Yes
tabIndex Sets or returns the tab order of an element Yes
tagName Returns the tagname of an element as a string (in uppercase) Yes
title Sets or returns the title attribute of an element Yes
width Sets or returns the width attribute of an element Yes

appendChild() Adds a new child element to the end of the list of
children of the element
Yes
blur() Removes focus from an element Yes
click() Executes a click on an element Yes
cloneNode() Clones an element Yes
focus() Gives focus to an element Yes
getAttribute() Returns the value of an attribute Yes
getElementsByTagName() Accesses all elements with a specified tagname Yes
(continued)

hasChildNodes() Returns whether an element has any child elements Yes
insertBefore() Inserts a new child element before an existing child
element
Yes
item() Returns an element based on its index within the
document tree
Yes
normalize() Puts all text nodes underneath this element (including
attributes) into a “normal” form where only structure
(for example, elements, comments, processing instruc-tions, CDATA sections, and entity references) separates
Text nodes, that is, there are neither adjacent Text
nodes nor empty Text nodes
Yes
removeAttribute() Removes a specified attribute from an element Yes
removeChild() Removes a child element Yes
replaceChild() Replaces a child element Yes
setAttribute() Adds a new attribute to an element Yes
toString() Converts an element to a string Yes
element Object events
event description W3c
onblur When an element loses focus Yes
onclick When a mouse clicks on an element Yes
ondblclick When a mouse double-clicks on an element Yes
onfocus When an element gets focus Yes
onkeydown When a keyboard key is pressed Yes
onkeypress When a keyboard key is pressed or held down Yes
onkeyup When a keyboard key is released Yes
onmousedown When a mouse button is pressed Yes
onmousemove When the mouse is moved Yes
onmouseout When the mouse cursor leaves an element Yes
onmouseover When the mouse cursor enters an element Yes
onmouseup When a mouse button is released Yes
onresize When an element is resized Yes
Anchor Object
The Anchor object represents an HTML hyperlink.
For each <a> tag in an HTML document, an Anchor object is created.
An anchor allows you to create a link to another document (with the href attri-bute) or to a different point in the same document (with the name attribute).
You can access an anchor by using getElementById() or by searching through
the anchors[] array of the Document object.
(continued)

charset Sets or returns the value of the charset attribute of a link Yes
href Sets or returns the value of the href attribute of a link Yes
hreflang Sets or returns the value of the hreflang attribute of a link Yes
name Sets or returns the value of the name attribute of a link Yes
rel Sets or returns the value of the rel attribute of a link Yes
rev Sets or returns the value of the rev attribute of a link Yes
target Sets or returns the value of the target attribute of a link Yes
type Sets or returns the value of the type attribute of a link Yes
standard properties, Methods, and events
The Anchor object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events.
Area Object
The Area object represents an area inside an HTML image map (an image map is
an image with clickable areas).
For each <area> tag in an HTML document, an Area object is created.
Area Object properties

alt Sets or returns the value of the alt attribute of an area Yes
coords Sets or returns the value of the coords attribute of an area Yes
hash Sets or returns the anchor part of the href attribute value Yes
host Sets or returns the hostname:port part of the href attribute value Yes
hostname Sets or returns the hostname part of the href attribute value Yes
href Sets or returns the value of the href attribute of an area Yes
noHref Sets or returns the value of the nohref attribute of an area Yes
pathname Sets or returns the pathname part of the href attribute value Yes
port Sets or returns the port part of the href attribute value Yes
protocol Sets or returns the protocol part of the href attribute value Yes
search Sets or returns the querystring part of the href attribute value Yes
shape Sets or returns the value of the shape attribute of an area Yes
target Sets or returns the value of the target attribute of an area Yes

standard properties, Methods, and events
The Area object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events.
Base Object
The Base object represents an HTML base element.
The base element is used to specify a default address or a default target for all links
on a page.
For each <base> tag in an HTML document, a Base object is created.
Base Object properties

href Sets or returns the value of the href attribute in a base element  Yes
target Sets or returns the value of the target attribute in a base element Yes
standard properties, Methods, and events
The Base object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events.
Body Object
The Body object represents the HTML body element.
The Body element defines a document’s body.
The Body element contains all the contents of an HTML document, such as text,
hyperlinks, images, tables, lists, and so on.
Body Object properties

aLink Sets or returns the value of the alink attribute of the body element Yes
background
Sets or returns the value of the background attribute of the body
element
Yes
bgColor Sets or returns the value of the bgcolor attribute of the body element Yes
link Sets or returns the value of the link attribute of the body element Yes
text Sets or returns the value of the text attribute of the body element Yes
vLink Sets or returns the value of the vlink attribute of the body element Yes

standard properties, Methods, and events
The Body object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events.
Button Object (push Button)
The Button object represents a Button Object (Push Button).
For each <button> tag in an HTML document, a Button object is created.
Inside an HTML Button element you can put content like text or images. This is
the difference between this element and buttons created with the input element.
Button Object properties
\
form Returns a reference to the form that contains a button Yes
name Sets or returns the value of the name attribute of a button Yes
type Sets or returns the type of a button Yes
value Sets or returns the value of the value attribute of a button Yes
standard properties, Methods, and events
The Button object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events.
Form Object
The Form object represents an HTML form.
For each <form> tag in an HTML document, a Form object is created.
Forms are used to collect user input and contain input elements like text fields,
check boxes, radio buttons, Submit buttons, and more. A form also can contain
select menus and textarea, fieldset, legend, and label elements.
Forms are used to pass data to a server.

elements[] Returns an array of all elements in a form Yes

acceptCharset Sets or returns the value of the accept-charset attribute in a form Yes
action Sets or returns the value of the action attribute in a form Yes
enctype Sets or returns the value of the enctype attribute in a form Yes
length Returns the number of elements in a form Yes
method Sets or returns the value of the method attribute in a form Yes
name Sets or returns the value of the name attribute in a form Yes
target Sets or returns the value of the target attribute in a form Yes
\
reset() Resets a form Yes
submit() Submits a form Yes
Form Object events
event The event occurs when... W3c
onreset The Reset button is clicked Yes
onsubmit The Submit button is clicked Yes
standard properties, Methods, and events
The Form object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events.
Frame/iFrame Object
The Frame object represents an HTML frame.
The <frame> tag defines one particular window (frame) within a frameset.
For each <frame> tag in an HTML document, a Frame object is created.
The IFrame object represents an HTML inline frame.
The <iframe> tag defines an inline frame that contains another document.
For each <iframe> tag in an HTML document, an IFrame object is created.

align Sets or returns the value of the align attribute in an iframe Yes
contentDocument Returns the document object generated by a frame/iframe Yes
contentWindow Returns the window object generated by a frame/iframe No
frameBorder
Sets or returns the value of the frameborder attribute in a
frame/iframe
Yes
height Sets or returns the value of the height attribute in an iframe Yes
longDesc
Sets or returns the value of the longdesc attribute in a frame/
iframe
Yes
marginHeight
Sets or returns the value of the marginheight attribute in a
frame/iframe
Yes
marginWidth
Sets or returns the value of the marginwidth attribute in a
frame/iframe
Yes
name
Sets or returns the value of the name attribute in a frame/
iframe
Yes
noResize Sets or returns the value of the noresize attribute in a frame Yes
scrolling
Sets or returns the value of the scrolling attribute in a frame/
iframe
Yes
src Sets or returns the value of the src attribute in a frame/iframe Yes
width Sets or returns the value of the width attribute in an iframe Yes
standard properties, Methods, and events
The Frame and IFrame objects also support the standard properties, methods, and
events.
Frameset Object
The Frameset object represents an HTML frameset.
The HTML frameset element holds two or more frame elements. Each frame ele-ment holds a separate document.
The HTML frameset element states only how many columns or rows there will be
in the frameset.
Frameset Object properties

border Sets or returns the width of the border between frames Yes
cols Sets or returns the value of the cols attribute in a frameset Yes
rows Sets or returns the value of the rows attribute in a frameset Yes

onload Script to be run when a document loads Yes
standard properties, Methods, and events
The Frameset object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events.
image Object
The Image object represents an embedded image.
For each <img> tag in an HTML document, an Image object is created.
image Object properties
align Sets or returns how to align an image according to the surrounding
text
Yes
alt Sets or returns an alternate text to be displayed if a browser cannot
show an image
Yes
border Sets or returns the border around an image Yes
complete Returns whether the browser has finished loading the image No
height Sets or returns the height of an image Yes
href
hspace Sets or returns the white space on the left and right side of the image Yes
isMap Returns whether an image is a server-side image map Yes
longDesc Sets or returns a URL to a document containing a description of the
image
Yes
lowsrc Sets or returns a URL to a low-resolution version of an image No
name Sets or returns the name of an image Yes
src Sets or returns the URL of an image Yes
useMap Sets or returns the value of the usemap attribute of a client-side im-age map
Yes
vspace Sets or returns the white space on the top and bottom of the image Yes
width Sets or returns the width of an image Yes

onabort Loading of an image is interrupted Yes
onerror An error occurs when loading an image Yes
onload An image is finished loading Yes
standard properties, Methods, and events
The Image object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events.
Button Object
The Button object represents a button in an HTML form.
For each instance of an <input type="button"> tag in an HTML form, a
Button object is created.
You can access a button by searching through the elements[] array of the form or
by using document.getElementById().
Button Object properties

alt Sets or returns an alternate text to display if a browser does not sup-port buttons
Yes
disabled Sets or returns whether a button should be disabled Yes
form Returns a reference to the form that contains the button Yes
name Sets or returns the name of a button Yes
type Returns the type of form element a button is Yes
value Sets or returns the text that is displayed on the button Yes
standard properties, Methods, and events
The Button object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events.
checkbox Object
The Checkbox object represents a check box in an HTML form.
For each <input type="checkbox"> tag in an HTML form, a Checkbox object
is created.
You can access a check box by searching through the elements[] array of the
form, or by using document.getElementById().
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alt Sets or returns an alternate text to display if a browser does not
support check boxes
Yes
checked Sets or returns whether a check box should be checked Yes
defaultChecked Returns the default value of the checked attribute Yes
disabled Sets or returns whether a check box should be disabled Yes
form Returns a reference to the form that contains the check box Yes
name Sets or returns the name of a check box Yes
type Returns the type of form element a check box is Yes
value Sets or returns the value of the value attribute of a check box Yes
standard properties, Methods, and events
The Checkbox object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events.
FileUpload Object
For each <input type="file"> tag in an HTML form, a FileUpload object is
created.
You can access a FileUpload object by searching through the elements[] array of
the form or by using document.getElementById().
FileUpload Object properties

accept Sets or returns a comma-separated list of MIME types that indicates
the MIME type of the file transfer
Yes
alt Sets or returns an alternate text to display if the browser does not
support <input type=”file”>
Yes
defaultValue Sets or returns the initial value of the FileUpload object Yes
disabled Sets or returns whether the FileUpload object should be disabled Yes
form Returns a reference to the form that contains the FileUpload object Yes
name Sets or returns the name of the FileUpload object Yes
type Returns the type of the form element. For a FileUpload object it will
be “file”
Yes
value Returns the filename of the FileUpload object after the text is set by
user input
Yes

select() Selects the FileUpload object Yes
standard properties, Methods, and events
The FileUpload object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events.
Hidden Object
The Hidden object represents a hidden input field in an HTML form.
For each <input type="hidden"> tag in an HTML form, a Hidden object is
created.
You can access a hidden input field by searching through the elements[] array of
the form, or by using document.getElementById().
Hidden Object properties

alt Sets or returns an alternate text to display if a browser does not sup-port hidden fields
Yes
form Returns a reference to the form that contains the hidden field Yes
name Sets or returns the name of a hidden field Yes
type Returns the type of form element a hidden input field is Yes
value Sets or returns the value of the value attribute of the hidden field Yes
standard properties, Methods, and events
The Hidden object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events.
password Object
The Password object represents a password field in an HTML form.
For each <input type="password"> tag in an HTML form, a Password object
is created.
You can access a password field by searching through the elements[] array of the
form or by using document.getElementById().

alt Sets or returns an alternate text to display if a browser does not sup-port password fields
Yes
defaultValue Sets or returns the default value of a password field Yes
disabled Sets or returns whether a password field should be disabled Yes
form Returns a reference to the form that contains the password field Yes
maxLength Sets or returns the maximum number of characters in a password
field
Yes
name Sets or returns the name of a password field Yes
readOnly Sets or returns whether a password field should be read-only Yes
size Sets or returns the size of a password field Yes
type Returns the type of form element a password field is Yes
value Sets or returns the value of the value attribute of the password field Yes
password Object Methods
Method description W3c
select() Selects the text in a password field Yes
standard properties, Methods, and events
The Password object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events.
Radio Object
The Radio object represents a radio button in an HTML form.
For each <input type="radio"> tag in an HTML form, a Radio object is
created.
You can access a Radio object by searching through the elements[] array of the
form or by using document.getElementById().
Radio Object properties
W3C: W3C Standard.
property description W3c
alt Sets or returns an alternate text to display if a browser does not
support radio buttons
Yes
checked Sets or returns the state of a radio button Yes
defaultChecked Returns the default state of a radio button Yes

disabled Sets or returns whether a radio button should be disabled Yes
form Returns a reference to the form that contains the radio button Yes
name Sets or returns the name of a radio button Yes
type Returns the type of form element a radio button is Yes
value Sets or returns the value of the value attribute of the radio button Yes
standard properties, Methods, and events
The Radio object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events.
Reset Object
The Reset object represents a reset button in an HTML form.
For each <input type="reset"> tag in an HTML form, a Reset object is
created.
You can access a reset button by searching through the elements[] array of the
form or by using document.getElementById().
Reset Object properties

alt Sets or returns an alternate text to display if a browser does not sup-port reset buttons
Yes
disabled Sets or returns whether a reset button should be disabled Yes
form Returns a reference to the form that contains the reset button Yes
name Sets or returns the name of a reset button Yes
type Returns the type of form element a reset button is Yes
value Sets or returns the text that is displayed on a reset button Yes
standard properties, Methods, and events
The Reset object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events.
submit Object
The Submit object represents a submit button in an HTML form.
For each <input type="submit"> tag in an HTML form, a Submit object is
created.

You can access a submit button by searching through the elements[] array of the
form or by using document.getElementById().
submit Object properties

alt Sets or returns an alternate text to display if a browser does not sup-port submit buttons
Yes
disabled Sets or returns whether a submit button should be disabled Yes
form Returns a reference to the form that contains the submit button Yes
name Sets or returns the name of a submit button Yes
type Returns the type of form element a submit button is Yes
value Sets or returns the text that is displayed on a submit button Yes
standard properties, Methods, and events
The Submit object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events.
Text Object
The Text object represents a text-input field in an HTML form.
For each <input type="text"> tag in an HTML form, a Text object is created.
You can access a text-input field by searching through the elements[] array of the
form, or by using document.getElementById().
Text Object properties

alt Sets or returns an alternate text to display if a browser does not sup-port text fields
Yes
defaultValue Sets or returns the default value of a text field Yes
disabled Sets or returns whether a text field should be disabled Yes
form Returns a reference to the form that contains the text field Yes
maxLength Sets or returns the maximum number of characters in a text field Yes
name Sets or returns the name of a text field Yes
readOnly Sets or returns whether a text field should be read-only Yes
size Sets or returns the size of a text field Yes
type Returns the type of form element a text field is Yes
value Sets or returns the value of the value attribute of a text field Yes
\

select() Selects the content of a text field Yes
standard properties, Methods, and events
The Text object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events.
Link Object
The Link object represents an HTML link element.
A link element defines the relationship between two linked documents.
The link element is defined in the head section of an HTML document.
Link Object properties

charset Sets or returns the character encoding of the target URL Yes
disabled Sets or returns whether the target URL should be disabled Yes
href Sets or returns the URL of a linked resource Yes
hreflang Sets or returns the base language of the target URL Yes
media Sets or returns on what device the document will be displayed Yes
name Sets or returns the name of a <link> element Yes
rel Sets or returns the relationship between the current document and
the target URL
Yes
rev Sets or returns the relationship between the target URL and the cur-rent document
Yes
type Sets or returns the MIME type of the target URL Yes
standard properties, Methods, and events
The Link object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events.
Meta Object
The Meta object represents an HTML meta element.
Metadata is information about data.
The <meta> tag provides metadata about the HTML document. Metadata will not
be displayed on the page, but will be machine parsable.

Meta elements are typically used to specify page description, keywords, author of
the document, last modified, and other metadata.
The <meta> tag always goes inside the head element.
Meta Object properties
W3C: W3C Standard.
property description W3c
content Sets or returns the value of the content attribute of a <meta>
element
Yes
httpEquiv Connects the content attribute to an HTTP header Yes
name Connects the content attribute to a name Yes
scheme Sets or returns the format to be used to interpret the value of the
content attribute
Yes
standard properties, Methods, and events
The Meta object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events.
Object Object
The Object object represents an HTML object element.
The <object> tag is used to include objects such as images, audio, videos, Java
applets, ActiveX, PDF, and Flash into a Web page.
Object Object properties

align Sets or returns the alignment of the object according to the sur-rounding text
Yes
archive Sets or returns a string that can be used to implement your own
archive functionality for the object
Yes
border Sets or returns the border around the object Yes
code Sets or returns the URL of the file that contains the compiled Java
class
Yes
codeBase Sets or returns the URL of the component Yes
codeType Sets or retrieves the Internet media type for the code associated with
the object. Read only.
Yes
data A URL specifying the location of the object’s data Yes
declare Declare (for future reference), but do not instantiate, this object Yes
form Returns a reference to the object’s parent form Yes

height Sets or returns the height of the object Yes
hspace Sets or returns the horizontal margin of the object Yes
name Sets or returns the name of the object Yes
standby Sets or returns a message when loading the object Yes
type Sets or returns the content type for data downloaded via the data
attribute
Yes
useMap Use client-side image map Yes
vspace Sets or returns the vertical margin of the object Yes
width Sets or returns the width of the object Yes
standard properties, Methods, and events
The Object object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events.
Option Object
The Option object represents an option in a drop-down list in an HTML form.
For each <option> tag in an HTML form, an Option object is created.
You can access an Option object by searching through the elements[] array of the
form, or by using document.getElementById().
Option Object properties

defaultSelected Returns the default value of the selected attribute Yes
disabled Sets or returns whether an option should be disabled Yes
form Returns a reference to the form that contains an option Yes
index Returns the index position of an option in a drop-down list Yes
label Sets or returns a label for an option (only for option-groups) Yes
selected Sets or returns the value of the selected attribute Yes
text Sets or returns the text value of an option Yes
value Sets or returns the value to be sent to the server Yes
standard properties, Methods, and events
The Option object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events.

select Object
The Select object represents a drop-down list in an HTML form.
For each <select> tag in an HTML form, a Select object is created.
You can access a Select object by searching through the elements[] array of the
form or by using document.getElementById().
select Object collections

options[] Returns an array of all the options in a drop-down list Yes
select Object properties
property description W3c
disabled Sets or returns whether a drop-down list should be disabled Yes
form Returns a reference to the form that contains the drop-down list Yes
length Returns the number of options in a drop-down list Yes
multiple Sets or returns whether multiple items can be selected Yes
name Sets or returns the name of a drop-down list Yes
selectedIndex Sets or returns the index of the selected option in a drop-down
list
Yes
size Sets or returns the number of visible rows in a drop-down list Yes
type Returns the type of form element a drop-down list is Yes
select Object Methods
Method description W3c
add() Adds an option to a drop-down list Yes
remove() Removes an option from a drop-down list Yes
standard properties, Methods, and events
The Select object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events.
style Object
The Style object represents an individual style statement.
The Style object can be accessed from the document or from the elements to which
that style is applied.

Syntax for using the Style object properties:
document.getElementById("id").style.property="value"
The Style object property categories are as follows:
8 Background
8 Border and Margin
8 Layout
8 List
8 Misc
8 Positioning
8 Printing
8 Table
8 Text
Background properties

background Sets all background properties Yes
backgroundAttachment Sets whether a background-image is fixed or scrolls
with the page
Yes
backgroundColor Sets the background-color of an element Yes
backgroundImage Sets the background-image of an element Yes
backgroundPosition Sets the starting position of a background-image Yes
backgroundPositionX Sets the x-coordinates of the backgroundPosition
property
No
backgroundPositionY Sets the y-coordinates of the backgroundPosition
property
No
backgroundRepeat Sets if/how a background-image will be repeated Yes
Border and Margin properties
property description W3c
border Sets all properties for the four borders Yes
borderBottom Sets all properties for the bottom border Yes
borderBottomColor Sets the color of the bottom border Yes
borderBottomStyle Sets the style of the bottom border Yes
borderBottomWidth Sets the width of the bottom border Yes
(continued)

borderColor Sets the color of all four borders (can have up to four colors) Yes
borderLeft Sets all properties for the left border Yes
borderLeftColor Sets the color of the left border Yes
borderLeftStyle Sets the style of the left border Yes
borderLeftWidth Sets the width of the left border Yes
borderRight Sets all properties for the right border Yes
borderRightColor Sets the color of the right border Yes
borderRightStyle Sets the style of the right border Yes
borderRightWidth Sets the width of the right border Yes
borderStyle Sets the style of all four borders (can have up to four styles) Yes
borderTop Sets all properties for the top border Yes
borderTopColor Sets the color of the top border Yes
borderTopStyle Sets the style of the top border Yes
borderTopWidth Sets the width of the top border Yes
borderWidth Sets the width of all four borders (can have up to four
widths)
Yes
margin Sets the margins of an element (can have up to four values) Yes
marginBottom Sets the bottom margin of an element Yes
marginLeft Sets the left margin of an element Yes
marginRight Sets the right margin of an element Yes
marginTop Sets the top margin of an element Yes
outline Sets all outline properties Yes
outlineColor Sets the color of the outline around a element Yes
outlineStyle Sets the style of the outline around an element Yes
outlineWidth Sets the width of the outline around an element Yes
padding Sets the padding of an element (can have up to four values) Yes
paddingBottom Sets the bottom padding of an element Yes
paddingLeft Sets the left padding of an element Yes
paddingRight Sets the right padding of an element Yes
paddingTop Sets the top padding of an element Yes
Layout properties
property description W3c
clear Sets on which sides of an element other floating elements
are not allowed
Yes
clip Sets the shape of an element Yes
content Sets meta-information Yes
counterIncrement Sets a list of counter names, followed by an integer. The
integer indicates by how much the counter is incremented
for every occurrence of the element. The default is 1
Yes
counterReset Sets a list of counter names, followed by an integer. The
integer gives the value that the counter is set to on each
occurrence of the element. The default is 0
Yes
(continued)

cssFloat Sets where an image or a text will appear (float) in another
element
Yes
cursor Sets the type of cursor to be displayed Yes
direction Sets the text direction of an element Yes
display Sets how an element will be displayed Yes
height Sets the height of an element Yes
markerOffset Sets the distance between the nearest border edges of a
marker box and its principal box
Yes
marks Sets whether cross marks or crop marks should be rendered
just outside the page box edge
Yes
maxHeight Sets the maximum height of an element Yes
maxWidth Sets the maximum width of an element Yes
minHeight Sets the minimum height of an element Yes
minWidth Sets the minimum width of an element Yes
overflow Specifies what to do with content that does not fit in an
element box
Yes
verticalAlign Sets the vertical alignment of content in an element Yes
visibility Sets whether an element should be visible Yes
width Sets the width of an element Yes

listStyle Sets all the properties for a list Yes
listStyleImage Sets an image as the list-item marker Yes
listStylePosition Positions the list-item marker Yes
listStyleType Sets the list-item marker type Yes
Misc properties
property description W3c
cssText Contains the entire contents of the stylesheet. ieonly
property
positioning properties
property description W3c
bottom Sets how far the bottom edge of an element is above/be-low the bottom edge of the parent element
Yes
left Sets how far the left edge of an element is to the right/left
of the left edge of the parent element
Yes
position Places an element in a static, relative, absolute, or fixed posi-tion
Yes
(continued)

right Sets how far the right edge of an element is to the left/right
of the right edge of the parent element
Yes
top Sets how far the top edge of an element is above/below the
top edge of the parent element
Yes
zIndex Sets the stack order of an element Yes
printing properties
property description W3c
orphans Sets the minimum number of lines for a paragraph that
must be left at the bottom of a page
Yes
page Sets a page type to use when displaying an element Yes
pageBreakAfter Sets the page-breaking behavior after an element Yes
pageBreakBefore Sets the page-breaking behavior before an element Yes
pageBreakInside Sets the page-breaking behavior inside an element Yes
size Sets the orientation and size of a page Yes
widows Sets the minimum number of lines for a paragraph that
must be left at the top of a page
Yes
Table properties
property description W3c
borderCollapse Sets whether the table borders are collapsed into a single
border or detached as in standard HTML
Yes
borderSpacing Sets the distance that separates cell borders Yes
captionSide Sets the position of the table caption Yes
emptyCells Sets whether to show empty cells in a table Yes
tableLayout Sets the algorithm used to display the table cells, rows, and
columns
Yes
Text properties
property description W3c
color Sets the color of the text Yes
font Sets all font properties Yes
fontFamily Sets the font of an element Yes
fontSize Sets the font-size of an element Yes
fontSizeAdjust Sets/adjusts the size of text Yes
fontStretch Sets how to condense or stretch a font Yes
fontStyle Sets the font-style of an element Yes
fontVariant Displays text in a small-caps font Yes
fontWeight Sets the boldness of the font Yes
letterSpacing Sets the space between characters Yes
lineHeight Sets the distance between lines Yes
(continued)

quotes Sets which quotation marks to use in text Yes
textAlign Aligns the text Yes
textDecoration Sets the decoration of text Yes
textIndent Indents the first line of text Yes
textShadow Sets the shadow effect of text Yes
textTransform Sets capitalization effect on text Yes
unicodeBidi Sets the Unicode bidirectional property Yes
whiteSpace Sets how to handle line breaks and white space in text Yes
wordSpacing Sets the space between words in a text Yes
Table Object
The Table object represents an HTML table.
For each <table> tag in an HTML document, a Table object is created.
Table Object collections
W3C: W3C Standard.
collection description W3c
cells[] Returns an array containing each cell in a table No
rows[] Returns an array containing each row in a table Yes
tBodies[] Returns an array containing each tbody in a table Yes
Table Object properties
property description W3c
border Sets or returns the width of the table border Yes
caption Sets or returns the caption of a table Yes
cellPadding Sets or returns the amount of space between the cell border and cell
content
Yes
cellSpacing Sets or returns the amount of space between the cells in a table Yes
frame Sets or returns the outer borders of a table Yes
rules Sets or returns the inner borders of a table Yes
summary Sets or returns a description of a table Yes
tFoot Returns the tFoot object of a table Yes
tHead Returns the tHead object of a table Yes
width Sets or returns the width of a table Yes

createCaption() Creates a caption element for a table Yes
createTFoot() Creates an empty tFoot element in a table Yes
createTHead() Creates an empty tHead element in a table Yes
deleteCaption() Deletes the caption element and its content from a table Yes
deleteRow() Deletes a row from a table Yes
deleteTFoot() Deletes the tFoot element and its content from a table Yes
deleteTHead() Deletes the tHead element and its content from a table Yes
insertRow() Inserts a new row in a table Yes
standard properties, Methods, and events
The Table object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events.
Tablecell Object
The TableCell object represents an HTML table cell.
For each <td> tag in an HTML document, a TableCell object is created.
Tablecell Object properties
W3C: W3C Standard.
property description W3c
abbr Sets or returns an abbreviated version of the content in a table cell Yes
align Sets or returns the horizontal alignment of data within a table cell Yes
axis Sets or returns a comma-delimited list of related table cells Yes
cellIndex Returns the position of a cell in the cells collection of a row Yes
ch Sets or returns the alignment character for a table cell Yes
chOff Sets or returns the offset of alignment character for a table cell Yes
colSpan Sets or returns the number of columns a table cell should span Yes
headers Sets or returns a list of space-separated header-cell ids Yes
rowSpan Sets or returns the number of rows a table cell should span Yes
scope Sets or returns if this cell provides header information Yes
vAlign Sets or returns the vertical alignment of data within a table cell Yes
width Sets or returns the width of a table cell Yes
standard properties, Methods, and events
The TableCell object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events.
Appendix B: HTML dOM Objects
243
TableRow Object
The TableRow object represents an HTML table row.
For each <tr> tag in an HTML document, a TableRow object is created.
TableRow Object collections
W3C: W3C Standard.
collection description W3c
cells[] Returns an array containing each cell in the table row Yes
TableRow Object properties
property description W3c
align Sets or returns the horizontal alignment of data within a table
row
Yes
ch Sets or returns the alignment character for cells in a table row Yes
chOff Sets or returns the offset of alignment character for the cells in
a table row
Yes
rowIndex Returns the position of a row in the table’s rows collection Yes
sectionRowIndex Returns the position of a row in the tBody, tHead, or tFoot rows
collection
Yes
vAlign Sets or returns the vertical alignment of data within a table row Yes
TableRow Object Methods
Method description W3c
deleteCell() Deletes a cell in a table row Yes
insertCell() Inserts a cell in a table row Yes
standard properties, Methods, and events
The TableRow object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events.
Textarea Object
The Textarea object represents a text-area in an HTML form.
For each <textarea> tag in an HTML form, a Textarea object is created.
You can access a Textarea object by indexing the elements array (by number or
name) of the form or by using getElementById().

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